Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

Recent years have seen an explosion of research on the N2 component of the event‐related
potential, a negative wave peaking between 200 and 350 ms after stimulus onset. This …

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Studies using
event-related potentials (ERPs) have been informative with respect to the question of how …

We review two decades of research on the error-related negativity (ERN or Ne), a
component of the event-related brain potential that accompanies errors in speeded …

Recent event-related potential (ERP) studies in language comprehension converge in
finding anticipatory negativities preceding words or word segments that can be pre-activated …

Preparing a movement or waiting for a stimulus that will show up in a few seconds is
accompanied by a slow negative wave in the electroencephalogram (EEG). It is the result of …

A recent theory holds that a component of the human event-related brain potential called the
reward positivity reflects a reward prediction error signal. We investigated this idea in …

The human mediofrontal cortex, especially the anterior cingulate cortex, is commonly
assumed to contribute to higher cognitive functions like performance monitoring. How …

Behavioral studies demonstrate that the outcome following an individual's action evokes
stronger emotional responses than the same outcome following inaction. Here we use the …

Feedback ERN (fERN) and frontal midline theta have both been proposed to index a
dopamine‐like reinforcement learning signal in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We …