Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical
problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of …

As early as the 19th century, OIH was observed in patients receiving morphine for pain. It
was recognized that a potent analgesic such as morphine could actually result in an …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

The gate theory of pain, published by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in Science in 1965,
was formulated to provide a mechanism for coding the nociceptive component of cutaneous …

The major functions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), including pain and
analgesia, fear and anxiety, vocalization, lordosis and cardiovascular control are considered …

Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but
they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose …

The unique pharmacology of remifentanil makes it a popular intra‐operative analgesic.
Short‐acting opioids like remifentanil have been associated with acute opioid tolerance …

Loeser - Bonica's Management of Page 1 Bonica's Management of Pain 3rd edition (January
15, 2001): By John D. Loeser (Editor), Steven H. Butler (Editor), C. Richard Chapman (Editor) …

Opioids produce analgesic effects through their modulatory role in nociceptive transmission.
Under many circumstances opioids are the most efficacious analgesics commonly used in …

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a major role in both sensory and affective aspects
of pain. There is extensive evidence that chronic pain produces functional changes within …