Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics,
subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms …

Pregnant females are susceptible to intracellular pathogens and are biased towards
humoral rather than cell-mediated immunity. Since 7", 1 cymkines compromise pregnancy …

Summary Interleukin-10 (IL-10) affects the growth and differentiation of many hemopoietic
cells in vitro; in particular, it is a potent suppressor of macrophage and T cell functions. In IL …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

The induction of optimal systemic antitumor immunity involves the priming of both CD4 and
CD8 T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens. The role of CD4 T helper cells (Th) in this …

Despite several studies describing the secretion of exosomes by Leishmania in vitro,
observation of their formation and release in vivo has remained a major challenge. Herein …

Bacterial infection stimulates the host to mount a rapid inflammatory response. A 6-base
DNA motif consisting of an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide flanked by two 5'purines and two …

A wide range of microorganisms can replicate in macrophages, and cell entry of these
pathogens via non-neutralising IgG antibody complexes can result in increased intracellular …

Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a
spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal …

Pathological processes involved in the initiation of rheumatoid synovitis remain unclear. We
undertook the present study to identify immune and stromal processes that are present soon …