Beside mosquitoes, ticks are well-known vectors of different human pathogens. In the
Northern Hemisphere, Lyme borreliosis (Eurasia, LB) or Lyme disease (North America, LD) …

Background Ticks are hematophagous parasites that transmit an extensive range of
pathogens to their vertebrate hosts. Ticks can destroy invading microorganisms or alleviate …

Modern infectious disease outbreaks often involve changes in host tropism, the preferential
adaptation of pathogens to specific hosts. The Lyme disease-causing bacterium Borrelia …

Climate change has had a major impact on seasonal weather patterns, resulting in marked
phenological changes in a wide range of taxa. However, empirical studies of how changes …

Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi often triggers pathophysiologic perturbations that are
further augmented by the inflammatory responses of the host, resulting in the severe clinical …

Borrelial pathogens are vector-borne etiological agents known to cause Lyme disease,
relapsing fever, and Borrelia miyamotoi disease. These spirochetes each encode several …

Hard ticks (Ixodidae) play a critical role in transmitting various tick-borne diseases (TBDs),
posing significant global threats to human and animal health. Climatic factors influence the …

Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-
borne illness in the United States. Many aspects of the disease are still topics of controversy …

Lyme borreliosis, the most common vector‐borne disease in Europe and North America, is
attracting growing concern due to its expanding geographic range. The growth in incidence …

Pathogens that traffic in the blood of their hosts must employ mechanisms to evade the host
innate immune system, including the complement cascade. The Lyme disease spirochete …