Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell
dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state …

Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance, and the current obesity epidemic is
driving a parallel rise in the incidence of T2DM. It is now widely recognized that chronic …

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the failure of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells (or β-
cell death) due to either autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes mellitus) or failure to compensate for …

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes are common comorbidities. Hypertension is twice as
frequent in patients with diabetes compared with those who do not have diabetes. Moreover …

The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
The underlying mechanisms as to how intestinal microbiota may contribute to T2D are only …

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are known to be associated with the development
of metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between oxidative …

In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum is essential for the folding and trafficking of
proteins that enter the secretory pathway. Environmental insults or increased protein …

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are diseases that can be
influenced by the structure of gut microbiota, whose improvement is often neglected in …

Low-grade tissue inflammation induced by obesity can result in insulin resistance, which in
turn is a key cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cells of the innate immune system produce …

The arrangement of β cells within islets of Langerhans is critical for insulin release through
the generation of rhythmic activity. A privileged role for individual β cells in orchestrating …