Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

Earth system models are complex and represent a large number of processes, resulting in a
persistent spread across climate projections for a given future scenario. Owing to different …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Future energy demand is likely to increase due to climate change, but the magnitude
depends on many interacting sources of uncertainty. We combine econometrically estimated …

The sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) constitutes the latest update on
expected future climate change based on a new generation of climate models. To extract …

Future rainfall extremes are projected to increase with global warming according to theory
and climate models, but common (annual) and rare (decennial or centennial) extremes …

Robust projections and predictions of climate variability and change, particularly at regional
scales, rely on the driving processes being represented with fidelity in model simulations …

Uncertainties of climate projections are routinely assessed by considering simulations from
different models. Observations are used to evaluate models, yet there is a debate about …