Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for survival, differentiation,
development, and homeostasis. Autophagy principally serves an adaptive role to protect …

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to
the lysosome. Despite its simplicity, recent progress has demonstrated that autophagy plays …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

During the past two decades calcium (Ca2+) accumulation in energized mitochondria has
emerged as a biological process of utmost physiological relevance. Mitochondrial Ca2+ …

The functional relationship between apoptosis ('self-killing') and autophagy ('self-eating') is
complex in the sense that, under certain circumstances, autophagy constitutes a stress …

(Macro) autophagy is a bulk degradation process that mediates the clearance of long-lived
proteins and organelles. Autophagy is initiated by double-membraned structures, which …

Ageing results from complex genetically and epigenetically programmed processes that are
elicited in part by noxious or stressful events that cause programmed cell death. Here, we …

The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents a
cellular stress induced by multiple stimuli and pathological conditions. These include …

An accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads
to stress conditions. To mitigate such circumstances, stressed cells activate a homeostatic …

Mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism are a fundamental requirement of all cells.
Most eukaryotic cells rely on aerobic mitochondrial metabolism to generate ATP …