Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

Mood disorders are devastating, often chronic illnesses characterized by low mood, poor
affect, and anhedonia. Notably, mood disorders are approximately twice as prevalent in …

Astroglial cells are key players in the development and maintenance of neurons and
neuronal networks. Astroglia express steroid hormone receptors and show rapid responses …

Testicular androgens during the perinatal period play an important role in the sexual
differentiation of the brain of rodents. Testicular androgens transported into the brain act via …

Aromatase catalyses the last step of oestrogen synthesis. There is growing evidence that
local oestrogens influence many brain regions to modulate brain development and …

The acquisition of reproductive competence is organized and activated by steroid hormones
acting upon the hypothalamus during critical windows of development. This review …

Estrogen receptors regulate multiple brain functions, including stress, sexual, and memory‐
associated behaviors as well as controlling neuroendocrine and autonomic function. During …

Background The biological basis for sex differences in brain function and disease
susceptibility is poorly understood. Examining the role of gonadal hormones in brain sexual …

ABSTRACT DNA methylation is dynamically modulated during postnatal brain development,
and plays a key role in neuronal lineage commitment. This epigenetic mark has also …

Gonadal hormones are becoming increasingly recognized for their effects on cognition.
Estrogens, in particular, have received attention for their effects on learning and memory that …