I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly
every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of …

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD) have all been
associated with aberrant blood cytokine levels; however, neither the pattern of cytokine …

There is significant interest in understanding inflammatory responses within the brain and
spinal cord. Inflammatory responses that are centralized within the brain and spinal cord are …

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

Recognition that inflammation may represent a common mechanism of disease has been
extended to include neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression. Patients with …

This paper discusses the current evidence from animal and human studies for a central role
of inflammation in schizophrenia. In animal models, pre-or perinatal elicitation of the immune …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Despite decades of intensive research, the biological mechanisms that causally underlie
depression are still unclear, and therefore the development of novel effective antidepressant …

Rationale Psychosocial stressors are a well-documented risk factor for mental illness.
Neuroinflammation, in particular elevated microglial activity, has been proposed to mediate …