A survey on automatic detection of hate speech in text

P Fortuna, S Nunes - ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 2018 - dl.acm.org
The scientific study of hate speech, from a computer science point of view, is recent. This
survey organizes and describes the current state of the field, providing a structured overview …

Resources and benchmark corpora for hate speech detection: a systematic review

F Poletto, V Basile, M Sanguinetti, C Bosco… - Language Resources …, 2021 - Springer
Hate Speech in social media is a complex phenomenon, whose detection has recently
gained significant traction in the Natural Language Processing community, as attested by …

Holistic evaluation of language models

P Liang, R Bommasani, T Lee, D Tsipras… - arxiv preprint arxiv …, 2022 - arxiv.org
Language models (LMs) are becoming the foundation for almost all major language
technologies, but their capabilities, limitations, and risks are not well understood. We present …

Dealing with disagreements: Looking beyond the majority vote in subjective annotations

AM Davani, M Díaz, V Prabhakaran - Transactions of the Association …, 2022 - direct.mit.edu
Majority voting and averaging are common approaches used to resolve annotator
disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However …

The risk of racial bias in hate speech detection

M Sap, D Card, S Gabriel, Y Choi… - Proceedings of the 57th …, 2019 - aclanthology.org
We investigate how annotators' insensitivity to differences in dialect can lead to racial bias in
automatic hate speech detection models, potentially amplifying harm against minority …

Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance

R Gorwa, R Binns, C Katzenbach - Big Data & Society, 2020 - journals.sagepub.com
As government pressure on major technology companies builds, both firms and legislators
are searching for technical solutions to difficult platform governance puzzles such as hate …

The design and implementation of xiaoice, an empathetic social chatbot

L Zhou, J Gao, D Li, HY Shum - Computational Linguistics, 2020 - direct.mit.edu
This article describes the development of Microsoft **aoIce, the most popular social chatbot
in the world. **aoIce is uniquely designed as an artifical intelligence companion with an …

Sentiment analysis in the era of large language models: A reality check

W Zhang, Y Deng, B Liu, SJ Pan, L Bing - arxiv preprint arxiv:2305.15005, 2023 - arxiv.org
Sentiment analysis (SA) has been a long-standing research area in natural language
processing. It can offer rich insights into human sentiments and opinions and has thus seen …

Overview of the hasoc track at fire 2019: Hate speech and offensive content identification in indo-european languages

T Mandl, S Modha, P Majumder, D Patel… - Proceedings of the 11th …, 2019 - dl.acm.org
The identification of Hate Speech in Social Media is of great importance and receives much
attention in the text classification community. There is a huge demand for research for …

Detecting hate speech on twitter using a convolution-gru based deep neural network

Z Zhang, D Robinson, J Tepper - … 2018, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 3 …, 2018 - Springer
In recent years, the increasing propagation of hate speech on social media and the urgent
need for effective counter-measures have drawn significant investment from governments …