Bladder cancer is a global health issue with sex differences in incidence and prognosis.
Bladder cancer has distinct molecular subtypes with multiple pathogenic pathways …

Abstract Context The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines panel on upper
urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has updated the guidelines to aid clinicians in …

Immune evasion contributes to cancer growth and progression. Cancer cells have the ability
to activate different immune checkpoint pathways that harbor immunosuppressive functions …

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a
significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized …

Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Background Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma is an aggressive disease with high rates
of relapse. Whether pembrolizumab as adjuvant therapy would be effective in patients with …

Background The antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has increasingly
emerged during the last few years. However, there is a need to identify the safety profile of …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …

Background Patients with renal-cell carcinoma who undergo nephrectomy have no options
for adjuvant therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence that have high levels of supporting …

Traditional pathology approaches have played an integral role in the delivery of diagnosis,
semi-quantitative or qualitative assessment of protein expression, and classification of …