There is significant interest in understanding inflammatory responses within the brain and
spinal cord. Inflammatory responses that are centralized within the brain and spinal cord are …

Aging is a natural process that is associated with cognitive decline as well as functional and
social impairments. One structure of particular interest when considering aging and …

The single largest risk factor for etiology of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's
disease is increased age. Therefore, understanding the changes that occur as a result of …

Clinical studies show that chronic pain is accompanied by memory deficits and reduction in
hippocampal volume. Experimental studies show that spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic …

Physical activity plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy body, yet it also provides
unique benefits for the vascular and cellular systems that sustain a healthy brain. While the …

Innate immunity within the central nervous system (CNS) is primarily provided by resident
microglia. Microglia are pivotal in immune surveillance and also facilitate the co‐ordinated …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Aging of the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major risk factors for the
development of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and …

IL-4 has been extensively studied in the context of its role in immunity. Accumulating
evidence indicates, however, that it also plays a critical role in higher functions of the normal …

Glia of the central nervous system (CNS) help to maintain homeostasis in the brain and
support efficient neuronal function. Microglia are innate immune cells of the brain that …