Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive disorder characterized by dopaminergic
neurodegeneration in the brain. The development of parkinsonism is preceded by a long …

Abstract Background Patients with Parkinson's disease experience visual symptoms,
partially originating from retinal changes. Since 2011, multiple case-control studies using …

Despite decades of research, accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease remains a
challenge, and disease-modifying treatments are still lacking. Research into the early …

Purpose: To investigate the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT),
macular RNFLT, ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness in …

Considering the retina as an extension of the brain provides a platform from which to study
diseases of the nervous system. Taking advantage of the clear optical media of the eye and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor dysfunctions including bradykinesia,
tremor at rest and motor instability. These symptoms are associated with the progressive …

Background and purpose Retinal pathological changes may precede or accompany the
deterioration of brain tissue in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this meta‐analysis …

Visual disorder is one of the non-motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease (PD). It can
be easily identified in the early stages even before the spread of pathological conditions to …

Background and purpose The peripapillar nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thinning in different
retinal quadrants or sectors remains controversy. We conducted a systematic review and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive
deterioration of dopaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral autonomous system and …