Arctic amplification (AA) is a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean process. This
understanding has evolved from the early concept of AA, as a consequence of snow-ice line …

Prolonged high-temperature extreme events in the ocean, marine heatwaves, can have
severe and long-lasting impacts on marine ecosystems, fisheries and associated services …

Climate change has been and will be accompanied by widespread changes in surface
temperature. It is clear that these changes include global-wide increases in mean surface …

Changes in forest cover have a strong effect on climate through the alteration of surface
biogeophysical and biogeochemical properties that affect energy, water, and carbon …

Abstract Changes in the land surface can drive large responses in the atmosphere on local,
regional, and global scales. Surface properties control the partitioning of energy within the …

Earlier leaf-out in response to climate warming has been recorded in northern temperate
and boreal regions. In turn, this shift modifies climate by altering seasonal cycles of surface …

Radiative sensitivity, ie, the response of the radiative flux to climate perturbations, is
essential to understanding climate change and variability. The sensitivity kernels computed …

Compound flooding in coastal regions, that is, the simultaneous or successive occurrence of
high sea levels and high river flows, is expected to increase in a warmer world. To date …

Soil moisture (SM) and atmospheric humidity (AH) are crucial climatic variables that
significantly affect the climate system. However, the combined influencing mechanisms of …

Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its teleconnections form the leading
mode of interannual variability in the global climate system, yet the small sample size of …