Stressful experiences, both physical and psychological, that are overwhelming (ie,
inescapable and unpredictable), can measurably affect subsequent neuronal properties and …

Exams, tight deadlines and interpersonal conflicts are just a few examples of the many
events that may result in high levels of stress in both students and teachers. Research over …

Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Among the methods valuable for assessing spatial learning and memory impairments in
rodents, the Barnes maze (BM) task deserves special attention. It is based on the …

Stress can affect cognition in many ways, with the outcome (ie, facilitating or impairing)
depending on a combination of factors related to both stress and the cognitive function …

It is well known that stressful experiences may affect learning and memory processes. Less
clear is the exact nature of these stress effects on memory: both enhancing and impairing …

New approaches to the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are needed to
address the reported crisis in PTSD drug development. These new approaches may require …

Although it has been known for decades that stress influences memory performance, it was
only recently shown that stress may alter the contribution of multiple, anatomically and …

Instrumental behavior can be controlled by goal-directed action–outcome and habitual
stimulus–response processes that are supported by anatomically distinct brain systems …

Stress leads to an enhanced activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
resulting in an increased release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. These …