MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

The BCl-2 family has long been identified for its role in apoptosis. Following the initial
discovery of BCL-2 in the context of B-cell lymphoma in the 1980s, a number of homologous …

Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic,
necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is …

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Caspases play an essential role during apoptotic cell death. These enzymes define a new
class of cysteine proteases and comprise a multi-gene family with more than a dozen distinct …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment for cancer and for certain benign conditions,
utilizes a photosensitizer and light to produce reactive oxygen in cells. PDT is primarily …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a preferential
loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigrapars compacta. Although the …

Nuclear DNA damage and ligation of plasma-membrane death receptors have long been
recognized as initial triggers of apoptosis that induce mitochondrial membrane …

Cell death by apoptosis and permanent cell cycle arrest by senescence serve as barriers to
the development of cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents not only induce apoptosis, they can …

The chronology and history of characterizing the aromatic hydrocarbon [Ah] battery is
reviewed. This battery represents the Ah receptor (AHR)-mediated control of at least six, and …