Obesity is a major risk factor for develo** gallstone disease (GSD). Previous studies have
shown that obesity is associated with an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the gut …

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) offers unique opportunities to explore the gut–liver axis
owing to the close association between liver disease and colonic inflammation. It is well …

After their synthesis from cholesterol in hepatic tissues, bile acids (BAs) are secreted into the
intestinal lumen. Most BAs are subsequently re-absorbed in the terminal ileum and are …

The human microbiome is a complex and dynamic system that plays important roles in
human health and disease. However, there remain limitations and theoretical gaps in our …

Gallstone disease (GSD) has, for many years, remained a high-cost, socially significant
public health problem. Over the past decade, a number of studies have been carried out …

Inflammation and dysfunction of the extrahepatic biliary tree are common causes of human
pathology, including gallstones and cholangiocarcinoma. Despite this, we know little about …

The gut-liver axis describes the physiological interplay between the gut and the liver and
has important implications for the maintenance of health. Disruptions of this equilibrium are …

Cholesterol gallstone (CGS) disease is characterized by an imbalance in bile acid (BA)
metabolism and is closely associated with gut microbiota disorders. However, the role and …

Microbiota is implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The spectrum of intratumoral
microbiota associated with HCC progression remains elusive. Fluorescence in situ …

Cholelithiasis is a common digestive disease affecting 10% to 15% of adults. It imposes
significant global health and financial burdens. However, the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis …