The known seven mammalian receptor subunits (P2X1–7) form cationic channels gated by
ATP. Three subunits compose a receptor channel. Each subunit is a polypeptide consisting …

Over the recent years, much has been unraveled about the pro-inflammatory properties of
various mitochondrial molecules once they are leaving the mitochondrial compartment. On …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Abstract Adenosine 5′ triphosphate (ATP) is a universal intracellular energy source and an
evolutionarily ancient, ubiquitous extracellular signal in diverse species. Here, we report the …

It has been known for more than 60 years, and suspected for over 100, that alveolar hypoxia
causes pulmonary vasoconstriction by means of mechanisms local to the lung. For the last …

Pain after nerve damage is an expression of pathological operation of the nervous system,,
one hallmark of which is tactile allodynia—pain hypersensitivity evoked by innocuous …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

In this review we attempt to summarize experimental evidence on the existence of defined
native GABA A receptor subtypes and to produce a list of receptors that actually seem to …

The detrusor smooth muscle is the main muscle component of the urinary bladder wall. Its
ability to contract over a large length interval and to relax determines the bladder function …

Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself.
The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to …