Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Chronic active lesions (CAL) are an important manifestation of chronic inflammation in
multiple sclerosis and have implications for non-relapsing biological progression. In recent …

Chronic low-grade inflammation and neuronal deregulation are two components of a
smoldering disease activity that drives the progression of disability in people with multiple …

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of physical and cognitive disability across the
globe, currently affecting approximately 15% of the worldwide population [1]. Absolute …

Sustained smouldering, or low-grade activation, of myeloid cells is a common hallmark of
several chronic neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis. Distinct metabolic and …

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers for chronic active lesions in MS
include slowly expanding lesions (SELs) and paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs). Objectives …

Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that a
smoldering inflammatory activity is present from the earliest stages of the disease and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated, chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and
neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Immune cell infiltration can …

Background Chronic active lesions (CAL) in multiple sclerosis (MS) have been observed
even in patients taking high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy, including B-cell depletion …

Despite therapeutic suppression of relapses, multiple sclerosis (MS) patients often
experience subtle deterioration, which extends beyond the definition of “progression …