Time-variable gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have opened up a new avenue of …

The energy radiated by the Earth toward space does not compensate the incoming radiation
from the Sun leading to a small positive energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (0.4 …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are shrinking rapidly, altering
regional hydrology, raising global sea level and elevating natural hazards. Yet, owing to the …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in
recent decades,, and it is expected to continue to be so. Although increases in glacier flow …

Ice losses from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets have accelerated since the 1990s,
accounting for a significant increase in global mean sea level. Here, we present a new 29 …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are currently losing mass
rapidly with direct and severe impacts on the habitability of some regions on Earth as glacier …

Satellite altimetry missions now provide more than 25 years of accurate, continuous and
quasi-global measurements of sea level along the reference ground track of …

Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but
changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world …

Abstract Over 1993–2016, studies have shown that the observed global mean sea level
(GMSL) budget is closed within the current data uncertainties. However, non‐closure of the …

Improving and homogenizing time and space reference systems on Earth and, more
specifically, realizing the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) with an accuracy of 1 mm and a …