Heavy metals are constituents of the natural environment and are of great importance to
both natural and artificial processes. But in recent times the indiscriminate use of heavy …

Energy metabolism (encompassing energy assimilation, conversion and utilization) plays a
central role in all life processes and serves as a link between the organismal physiology …

Metal pollution is a global problem in estuaries due to the legacy of historic contamination
and currently increasing metal emissions. However, the establishment of water and …

Water pollution is a significant problem in almost all parts of the world. The complexity of
anthropogenic activities along the watershed seems to lead the river to function as a giant …

Globally, ecosystems and their constituent flora and fauna face the localized and broad-
scale influence of human activities. Conservation practitioners and environmental managers …

Each year ecotoxicological problems become increasingly complex and encompass
broader spatial and temporal scales. Our practical understanding must evolve accordingly to …

High nitrite levels are often encountered in intensive and recirculatory aquaculture systems
but can also be found in natural waters under certain circumstances. Significant research …

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) organize knowledge on the progression of toxicity
through levels of biological organization. By determining the linkages between toxicity …

Determination of total antioxidant capacity, instead of the measurements of limited number of
antioxidants, is very important for the understanding of how antioxidants interact with …

Global climate change is impacting organisms, biological communities and ecosystems
around the world. While most research has focused on characterizing how the climate is …