Poverty, displacement, and parental stress represent potent sources of early life stress
(ELS). Stress disproportionately affects females, who are at increased risk for stress-related …

Parkinson's disease impairs the inhibition of responses, and whilst impulsivity is mild for
some patients, severe impulse control disorders affect∼ 10% of cases. Based on preclinical …

Introduction Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder
characterized by an irrepressible urge to move the legs and frequently accompanied by …

The goal of this review is to explore the clinical significance of music listening on
neuroplasticity and dopaminergic activation by understanding the role of music therapy in …

If dopamine were a politician, it might have an image problem. The organizing metaphor for
dopamine function is reward. Implicit in this formulation is that a system that drives appetitive …

In order to investigate roles of dopamine receptor subtypes in reward-based learning, we
examined choice behavior of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-knockout (D1R-KO and D2R …

Dopamine (DA) is believed to play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the rodent
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) networks during risk-based decision-making processes. Chronic …

Processing regular patterns in auditory scenes is important for navigating complex
environments. Electroencephalography studies find enhancement of sustained brain activity …

It is well known that athletes and other individuals who have suffered painful injuries are at
increased risk for all reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) behaviors, including substance use …

Behavioral flexibility enables the ability to adaptively respond to changes in contingency
requirements to maintain access to desired outcomes, and deficits in behavioral flexibility …