Living organisms have regular patterns and routines that involve obtaining food and carrying
out life history stages such as breeding, migrating, molting, and hibernating. The acquisition …

Glucocorticoids (GCs; ie cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress
response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful …

The rate of reproduction, age at maturity and longevity vary widely among species. Most of
this life-history variation falls on a slow-fast continuum, with low reproductive rate, slow …

▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

Stress responses play a key role in allowing animals to cope with change and challenge in
the face of both environmental certainty and uncertainty. Measurement of glucocorticoid …

Allostasis, the concept of maintaining stability through change, has been proposed as a term
and a model to replace the ambiguous term of stress, the concept of adequately or …

Why do we get the stress-related diseases we do? Why do some people have flare ups of
autoimmune disease, whereas others suffer from melancholic depression during a stressful …

We review the concepts and research associated with measuring fear and its consequences
for foraging. When foraging, animals should and do demand hazardous duty pay. They …

Glucocorticoids are popular hormones to measure in both biomedical and ecological studies
of stress. Many assumptions used to interpret glucocorticoid results are derived from …

All organisms must adjust morphology, physiology and behavior as they go about their life
cycles. For vertebrates, including humans, these adjustments occur as daily routines and in …