In this chapter, we present and discuss in detail current and novel advances in our
understanding of the processes that drove primordial differentiation of the Moon. This …

Abstract The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) of ESA was launched on 14 April 2023
and will arrive at Jupiter and its moons in July 2031. In this review article, we describe how …

Abstract Knowledge of the interior structure of Mars is of fundamental importance to the
understanding of its past and present state as well as its future evolution. The most …

Scaling laws for planetary dynamos relate the characteristic magnetic field strength,
characteristic flow velocity and other properties to primary quantities such as core size …

We present a new approach to search for a subsurface ocean within Ganymede through
observations and modeling of the dynamics of its auroral ovals. The locations of the auroral …

We invert the Martian tidal response and mean mass and moment of inertia for chemical
composition, thermal state, and interior structure. The inversion combines phase equilibrium …

Pressures in the hydrospheres of large ocean worlds extend to ranges exceeding those in
Earth deepest oceans. In this regime, dense water ices and other high-pressure phases …

The large icy moons of Jupiter contain vast quantities of liquid water, a key ingredient for life.
Ganymede and Callisto are weaker candidates for habitability than Europa, in part because …

The state of knowledge and understanding of planetary magnetic fields is reviewed. All of
the planets, with the possible exception of Venus, have had active dynamos at some time in …

The evolution of the martian core is widely assumed to mirror the characteristics observed
for Earth's core. Data from experiments performed on iron-sulfur and iron-nickel-sulfur …