Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

Highlights•Experimental advances allow us to see long-term drift in neural
representations.•Drift challenges classical notions of receptive fields and engrams.•Drift is …

The generalization of fear memories is an adaptive neurobiological process that promotes
survival in complex and dynamic environments. When confronted with a potential threat, an …

Excitation–transcription coupling (E–TC) links synaptic and cellular activity to nuclear gene
transcription. It is generally accepted that E–TC makes a crucial contribution to learning and …

Memory, defined as the storage and use of learned information in the brain, is necessary to
modulate behavior and critical for animals to adapt to their environments and survive …

How to make a neuron, a synapse, and a neural circuit? Is there only one 'design'for a
neural architecture with a universally shared genomic blueprint across species? The brief …

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a disabling concomitant of multiple sclerosis (MS) with a
complex and controversial pathogenesis. The cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is involved …

Memories of emotionally arousing events tend to endure longer than other memories. This
review compiles findings from several decades of research investigating the role of the …

Activity-dependent expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) is critical for long-term
synaptic remodeling and memory. It remains unknown how IEGs are maintained for memory …

Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and
synaptic remodeling. Here, we show that, although the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous …