Mechanisms of Arctic amplification and Arctic climate change are difficult to pinpoint, and
current climate models do not represent the complex local processes and feedbacks at play …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Historically, sea ice loss in the Arctic Ocean has promoted increased phytoplankton primary
production because of the greater open water area and a longer growing season. However …

Abstract The Dansgaard-Oeschger events of the last ice age are among the best studied
abrupt climate changes, yet a comprehensive explanation is still lacking. They are most …

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is strongly stratified by salinity in the uppermost layers. This
stratification is a key attribute of the region as it acts as an effective barrier for the vertical …

Arctic Ocean primary productivity is limited by light and inorganic nutrients. With sea ice
cover declining in recent decades, nitrate limitation has been speculated to become more …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Fresh water—the bloodstream of the biosphere—is at the center of the planetary drama of
the Anthropocene. Water fluxes and stores regulate the Earth's climate and are essential for …

Abstract The Kara and Laptev seas receive about one half of total freshwater runoff to the
Arctic Ocean from the Ob, Yenisei, and Lena rivers. Discharges of these large rivers form …

Abstract The Kara Sea receives~ 1/3 of total freshwater discharge to the Arctic Ocean,
mainly from the large Ob and Yenisei rivers. The Ob-Yenisei plume covers wide area in the …