Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD‐1: PD‐ligand (PD‐L) pathway are both critical to
terminating immune responses. Elimination of either can result in the breakdown of …

One of the most frequent statements, provided in different variations in the introduction of
experimental studies on multiple sclerosis (MS), is that “Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating …

Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may represent two poles of brain pathology.
Brain myeloid cells, particularly microglia, play key roles in these conditions. We employed …

Bordetella pertussis causes whoo** cough, a severe respiratory tract infection in infants
and children, and also infects adults. Studies in murine models have shown that innate …

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model of the human
demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. EAE is initiated by immunization with myelin …

Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin are two important virulence factors of Bordetella
pertussis, the bacterial cause of the respiratory disease pertussis or whoo** cough. In …

Reciprocal differentiation of immunosuppressive CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells
(Tregs) and proinflammatory IL-17-producing cells (Th17) from naïve CD4 cells is contingent …

Pertussis toxin, produced and secreted by the whoo** cough agent Bordetella pertussis,
is one of the most complex soluble bacterial proteins. It is actively secreted through the B …

Previously, we found that co‐expression of CD25 and TNFR2 identified the most
suppressive subset of mouse Treg. In this study, we report that human peripheral blood (PB) …

IL‐2 is crucial for the production of CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells while important for
the generation of effective T cell‐mediated immunity. How to exploit the capacity of IL‐2 to …