Recent investigations into the mechanism of limb development have clarified the roles of
several molecules, their pathways, and interactions. Characterization of the molecular …

A wealth of classical embryological manipulation experiments taking mainly advantage of
the chicken limb buds identified the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the zone of …

Somatic mutations in the phosphatidylinositol/AKT/mTOR pathway cause segmental
overgrowth disorders. Diagnostic descriptors associated with PIK3CA mutations include …

Half a century ago, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) at the distal tip of the tetrapod limb
bud was shown to produce signals necessary for development along the proximal–distal (P …

Chondrodystrophy in dogs is defined by dysplastic, shortened long bones and premature
degeneration and calcification of intervertebral discs. Independent genome-wide …

We show that combinatorial mouse alleles for the secreted metalloproteases Adamts5,
Adamts20 (bt), and Adamts9 result in fully penetrant soft-tissue syndactyly. Interdigital webs …

FGF signaling is associated with breast cancer and is required for mammary placode
formation in the mouse. In this study, we employed a genetic mosaic analysis based on Cre …

The develo** limb has been a very influential system for studying pattern formation in
vertebrates. In the past, classical embryological models have explained how patterned …

During organ formation and regeneration a proper balance between promoting and
restricting growth is critical to achieve stereotypical size. Limb bud outgrowth is driven by …

Developmentally regulated programmed cell death sculpts the limbs and other embryonic
organs in vertebrates. One intriguing example of species-specific differences in apoptotic …