Self-sustainable autonomous locomotion is a non-equilibrium phenomenon and an
advanced intelligence of soft-bodied organisms that exhibit the abilities of perception …

4D printing enables 3D printed structures to change shape over “time” in response to
environmental stimulus. Because of relatively high modulus, shape memory polymers …

Environmentally adaptive hydrogels that are capable of reconfiguration in response to
external stimuli have shown great potential toward bioinspired actuation and soft robotics …

Driving synthetic materials out of equilibrium via dissipative mechanisms paves the way
towards autonomous, self-sustained robotic motions. However, obtaining agile movement in …

Biological species can walk, swim, fly, jump, and climb with fast response speeds and
motion complexity. These remarkable functions are accomplished by means of soft actuation …

Temperature‐responsive hydrogels including lower critical solution temperature (LCST)‐
and upper critical solution temperature (UCST)‐type hydrogels are attractive in various …

Aquatic actuators based on the light-to-work conversion are of paramount significance for
the development of cutting-edge fields including robots, micromachines, and intelligent …

Constructing hydrogels with spatially heterogeneous structures are crucial for unlocking
novel applications. To this end, selectively removing a specific portion of hydrogels by facile …

Biological organisms can perform flexible and controllable multimodal motion under external
stimuli owing to the hierarchical assembly of anisotropic structures across multiple length …

Thermo‐responsive hydrogels can generate the actuation force through volumetric
transitions in response to temperature changes. However, their weak mechanical properties …