The 2021 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System
reflects the discovery of genetic alterations underlying many central nervous system (CNS) …

In the new WHO 2021 Classification of CNS Tumors the chapter “Circumscribed astrocytic
gliomas, glioneuronal and neuronal tumors” encompasses several different rare tumor …

Recent years have witnessed a shift to more objective and biologically-driven methods for
central nervous system (CNS) tumor classification. The 2016 world health organization …

Glioneuronal tumors are a heterogenous group of CNS neoplasms that can be challenging
to accurately diagnose. Molecular methods are highly useful in classifying these tumors …

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a core component of the FGFs/FGFR pathway
that activates multiple signalling pathways, including ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT, PLCγ, and NF-κB …

Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) H3 K27-altered are incurable grade 4 gliomas and represent
a major challenge in neuro-oncology. This tumour type is now classified in four subtypes by …

Adult pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is less prevalent than pediatric PA and is associated with a
worse prognosis. In a literature review, we found that 88.3% of the molecular alterations in …

Pediatric brain and spinal cancers are collectively the leading disease-related cause of
death in children; thus, we urgently need curative therapeutic strategies for these tumors. To …

Purpose Low-grade gliomas (LGG) and mixed neuronal-glial tumors (MNGT) show frequent
MAPK pathway alterations. Oncogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) …

It is recognized that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in the biology of
cancer. To better understand the role of immune cell components in CNS tumors, we applied …