Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and
consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological substrates …

Panic disorder is a common mental disorder that affects up to 5% of the population at some
point in life. It is often disabling, especially when complicated by agoraphobia, and is …

Context Major depressive disorder (MDD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder are
among the most prevalent and frequently co-occurring psychiatric disorders in adults and …

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened a new window to the brain. Measuring
hippocampal volume with MRI has provided important information about several …

Animal and human studies have suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) may possess anxiolytic
properties, but how these effects are mediated centrally is unknown. The aim of the present …

Classical fear-conditioning is central to many etiologic accounts of panic disorder (PD), but
few lab-based conditioning studies in PD have been conducted. One conditioning …

In 2000, Gorman et al. published a widely acknowledged revised version of their 1989
neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder (PD). Herein, a 'fear network'was suggested …

This article reviews experimental evidence and theoretical constructs that implicate
serotonin (5-HT) modulation of defensive behavior within the midbrain periaqueductal gray …

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) are most common anxiety
disorders with high lifetime prevalence while the pathophysiology and disease‐specific …

Although abnormalities in brain structures involved in the neurobiology of fear and anxiety
have been implicated in the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD), relatively few studies …