Recurrent miscarriage (RM;≥ 3 consecutive early pregnancy losses) affects around 1% of
fertile couples. Parental chromosomal anomalies, maternal thrombophilic disorders and …

Hypospadias results from a failure of urethral closure in the male phallus and affects 1 in
200-300 boys. It is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors …

Background Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. However, whether
progesterone supplementation in the first trimester of pregnancy would increase the rate of …

BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external
genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic …

Masculinization depends on adequate production of testosterone by the fetal testis within a
specific “masculinization programming window.” Disorders resulting from subtle deficiencies …

To describe and analyze the benefit of immunomodulatory drugs for recurrent miscarriages
and implantation failures. The literature research was conducted in Medline, Embase and …

Preterm birth is currently the most important problem in maternal-child health in the United
States and possibly throughout the world. It complicates one in eight US deliveries, and …

Background By disrupting the action of androgens during gestation, certain chemicals
present in food, consumer products, and the environment can induce irreversible …

Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 5: Mammals is the fifth of five second-
edition volumes representing a comprehensive and integrated overview of hormones and …

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a frequently used aryl organophosphate flame retardant.
Epidemiological studies have shown that TPP and its metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPP) …