Sleep-induced apnea and disordered breathing refers to intermittent, cyclical cessations or
reductions of airflow, with or without obstructions of the upper airway (OSA). In the presence …

Breathing is a well-described, vital and surprisingly complex behaviour, with behavioural
and physiological outputs that are easy to directly measure. Key neural elements for …

Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO 2 to regulate breathing (central
respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is …

Breathing movements in mammals are driven by rhythmic neural activity generated within
spatially and functionally organized brainstem neural circuits comprising the respiratory …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

Breathing is an essential behavior that presents a unique opportunity to understand how the
nervous system functions normally, how it balances inherent robustness with a highly …

The ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata has been suspected since the 1960s to
harbor central respiratory chemoreceptors [ie, acid-activated neurons that regulate breathing …

Sighs are long, deep breaths expressing sadness, relief or exhaustion. Sighs also occur
spontaneously every few minutes to reinflate alveoli, and sighing increases under hypoxia …

Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes
in CO 2/H+ detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown …

Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape
and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on …