The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has emerged as one of the regions most consistently impaired in
major depressive disorder (MDD). Although functional and structural PFC abnormalities …

The orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in emotion and in motivation, but the
relationship between these functions performed by these brain structures is not clear. To …

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit concurrent deficits in both sensory
and higher-order cognitive processing. Connectome studies have suggested a principal …

The orbitofrontal cortex in primates including humans is the key brain area in emotion, and
in the representation of reward value and in non-reward, that is not obtaining an expected …

The human orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and anterior
cingulate cortex are involved in reward processing and thereby in emotion but are also …

Understanding the neural substrates of depression is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
Here, we review recent studies of functional and effective connectivity in depression, in …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a promising treatment for select patients with
refractory major depressive disorder (MDD). The clinical effectiveness of DBS for MDD has …

The orbitofrontal cortex represents the reward or affective value of primary reinforcers
including taste, touch, texture, and face expression. It learns to associate other stimuli with …

Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), which is often
inadequately treated by traditional antidepressants. The modern framework of anhedonia …

Pleasure and motivation are important factors for goal-directed behavior and well-being in
both animals and humans. Intact hedonic capacity requires an undisturbed interplay …