Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms.
Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host …

Despite tremendous successes in the field of antibiotic discovery seen in the previous
century, infectious diseases have remained a leading cause of death. More specifically …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is most
prevalent in Northern Europe. Although it is known that inherited risk for MS is located within …

EnteroBase is an integrated software environment that supports the identification of global
population structures within several bacterial genera that include pathogens. Here, we …

The past few years have witnessed a revolution in our ability to obtain DNA from ancient
humans. This important new data has added to our knowledge from archaeology and …

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and
cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average …

Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad
regional scales,,–. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are …

From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and
central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled …

The exhibition of increasingly intensive and complex niche construction behaviors through
time is a key feature of human evolution, culminating in the advanced capacity for ecosystem …

SUMMARY The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is responsible for deadly plague, a
zoonotic disease established in stable foci in the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia. Its …