Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune
system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing …

Asthma is a chronic airway disease, which affects more than 300 million people. The
pathogenesis of asthma exhibits marked heterogeneity with many phenotypes defining …

Since the discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) as a mediator of allergic diseases in 1967,
our knowledge about the immunological mechanisms of IgE‐mediated allergies has …

The availability of allergen molecules ('components') from several protein families has
advanced our understanding of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated responses and enabled …

Environmental exposures interplay with human host factors to promote the development and
progression of allergic diseases. The worldwide prevalence of allergic disease is rising as a …

Allergic inflammation has crucial roles in allergic diseases such as asthma. It is therefore
important to understand why and how the immune system responds to allergens. Here we …

Type-2-cell-mediated immunity, rich in eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, CD4+ T helper 2
(Th2) cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), protects the host from helminth …

The airway epithelium represents a physical barrier to the external environment acting as
the first line of defence against potentially harmful environmental stimuli including microbes …

The respiratory immune response consists of multiple tiers of cellular responses that are
engaged in a sequential manner in order to control infections. The stepwise engagement of …

Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and
allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several …