Abstract tRNAs are key partners in ribosome-dependent protein synthesis. This process is
highly dependent on the fidelity of tRNA aminoacylation by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases …

Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) therapeutics will provide personalized and mutation
specific medicines to treat human genetic diseases for which no cures currently exist. The …

Protein translation is orchestrated through tRNA aminoacylation and ribosomal elongation.
Among the highly conserved structure of tRNAs, they have distinguishing features which …

Synthetic biology tools for regulating gene expression have many useful biotechnology and
therapeutic applications. Most tools developed for this purpose control gene expression at …

The cotranslational incorporation of pyrrolysine (Pyl), the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid,
into proteins in response to the UAG stop codon represents an outstanding example of …

Mutations that introduce premature termination codons (PTCs) within protein-coding genes
are associated with incurable and severe genetic diseases. Many PTC-associated disorders …

Site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) can be realized by genetic
code expansion (GCE) technology. Different orthogonal tRNA synthetase/tRNA (RS/tRNA) …

In most eukaryotes and prokaryotes TGA is used at a significantly higher frequency than
TAG as termination codon of protein-coding genes. Although this phenomenon has been …