Emerging and re‐emerging viral diseases can create devastating effects on human lives
and may also lead to economic crises. The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic due to the novel …

The design and development of biosensors, analytical devices used to detect various
analytes in different matrices, has emerged. Biosensors indicate a biorecognition element …

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. In less than a year
and a half, more than 200 million people have been infected and more than four million …

The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus continually led to infect a large …

COVID‐19 caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is pandemic with a severe morbidity and mortality rate
across the world. Despite the race for effective vaccine and drug against further expansion …

Coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae order Nidovirales and are known causes
of respiratory and intestinal disease in various mammalian and avian species. Species of …

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the causative
agent of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Lower production of type I and III …

The world is currently facing a novel viral pandemic (SARS-CoV-2), and large-scale testing
is central to decision-making for the design of effective policies and control strategies to …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by a novel severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged at the end of 2019 in China …

Background Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) plays an important role in immune responses
to infections, especially in the development of acquired immunity. Given the high degree of …