Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with the roots of nearly all
land-dwelling plants, increasing growth and productivity, especially during abiotic stress …

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient for plants, and a lack of available P greatly limits
plant growth and development. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) significantly …

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have multifarious beneficial activities for plant
growth promotion; act as source of metabolites, enzymes, nutrient mobilization, biological …

Crop productivity and yield are adversely affected by the deficiency of P in agricultural soil.
Phosphate fertilizers are used at a large scale to improve crop yields globally. With the rapid …

Climatic conditions are key determinants of plant growth, whether at the scale of temperature
regulation of the cell cycle or at the scale of the geographic limits for a particular species …

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient required to enhance crop growth and yield. In the arid–
semiarid region, Zn deficiency is expected due to alkaline calcareous soil. Contrarily, Zn …

Smallholder agroecosystems play a key role in the world's food security providing more than
50% of the food produced globally. These unique agroecosystems face a myriad of …

Salt stress impacts phosphorus (P) bioavailability, mobility, and its uptake by plants. Since P
is involved in many key processes in plants, salinity and P deficiency could significantly …

Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors that affects agricultural production
worldwide. Because of saline stress, plants face physiological changes that have negative …

Calcareous soils are widely spread in arid and semi-arid regions and cover almost one-third
of the world's land surface area. This chapter gives an overview of the distribution and …