There is increasing interest in individual differences in animal behaviour. Recent research
now suggests that an individual's behaviour, once considered to be plastic, may be more …

Recent studies of animal personality have focused on its proximate causation and its
ecological and evolutionary significance, but have mostly ignored questions about its …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different
approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex …

In this paper we show how animal personality could explain some of the large inter‐
individual variation in resting metabolic rate (MR) and explore methodological and …

When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

Animal 'personality', defined as repeatable inter-individual differences in behaviour, is a
concept in biology that faces intense controversy. Critics argue that the field is riddled with …

Individual differences in temperament may affect how animals react to novel situations,
avoid predation, invest in reproduction and behave in a variety of social contexts. Little …

An increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of animal temperament in the
ecology of wild populations. One important step in these studies is to estimate the …

When an individual is repeatedly observed or tested in the same context, it does not always
express the same behaviour. Intraindividual variability (IIV) refers to the short-term …