Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal
transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell …

The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell, which drives it to divide and
produce two new daughter cells. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
signaling is one of the most important intracellular pathways, which can be considered as a …

Our understanding of how the RAS protein family, and in particular mutant KRAS, promotes
metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells has advanced substantially over the last decade. In …

Simple Summary Drug resistance remains one of the major problems in cancer therapy and
is responsible for up to 90% of cancer-related deaths. It exists across all types of cancer and …

L-selectin (CD62L) is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein and cell adhesion molecule that
is expressed on most circulating leukocytes. Since its identification in 1983, L-selectin has …

Although it has long been deemed “undruggable”, with the development of drugs specifically
binding the KRAS-G12C mutant protein, clinical trials that directly inhibit oncogenic RAS …

RAS proteins are binary switches, cycling between ON and OFF states during signal
transduction. These switches are normally tightly controlled, but in RAS-related diseases …

RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene
family in human cancer. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three …

Tumours can arise from thyroid follicular cells if they acquire driver mutations that
constitutively activate the MAPK signalling pathway. In addition, a limited set of additional …