Executive summary Food systems have the potential to nurture human health and support
environmental sustainability; however, they are currently threatening both. Providing a …

In the 12 years since Dudgeon et al.(2006) reviewed major pressures on freshwater
ecosystems, the biodiversity crisis in the world's lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams and …

This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are
transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for …

Water scarcity threatens people in various regions, and has predominantly been studied
from a water quantity perspective only. Here we show that global water scarcity is driven by …

Global agriculture puts heavy pressure on planetary boundaries, posing the challenge to
achieve future food security without compromising Earth system resilience. On the basis of …

Inadequate water quality can mean that water is unsuitable for a variety of human uses, thus
exacerbating freshwater scarcity. Previous large-scale water scarcity assessments mostly …

Water security is at stake today. While climate changes influence water availability,
urbanization and agricultural activities have led to increasing water demand as well as …

Water scarcity raises major concerns on the sustainable future of humanity and the
conservation of important ecosystem functions. To meet the increasing food demand without …

Free-flowing rivers (FFRs) support diverse, complex and dynamic ecosystems globally,
providing important societal and economic services. Infrastructure development threatens …

The global net-zero transition needed to combat climate change may have profound effects
on the energy–food–water–air quality nexus. Accomplishing the net-zero target while …