The biology of CRISPR-Cas: backward and forward

F Hille, H Richter, SP Wong, M Bratovič, S Ressel… - Cell, 2018 - cell.com
In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems

S Shmakov, A Smargon, D Scott, D Cox… - Nature reviews …, 2017 - nature.com
Class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems are characterized by effector modules that consist of a single
multidomain protein, such as Cas9 or Cpf1. We designed a computational pipeline for the …

An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems

KS Makarova, YI Wolf, OS Alkhnbashi… - Nature reviews …, 2015 - nature.com
The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

Delivery strategies of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system for therapeutic applications

C Liu, L Zhang, H Liu, K Cheng - Journal of controlled release, 2017 - Elsevier
The CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system is a part of the adaptive immune system in
archaea and bacteria to defend against invasive nucleic acids from phages and plasmids …

[HTML][HTML] Biology and applications of CRISPR systems: harnessing nature's toolbox for genome engineering

AV Wright, JK Nuñez, JA Doudna - Cell, 2016 - cell.com
Bacteria and archaea possess a range of defense mechanisms to combat plasmids and viral
infections. Unique among these are the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short …

Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems

P Mohanraju, KS Makarova, B Zetsche, F Zhang… - Science, 2016 - science.org
BACKGROUND Prokaryotes have evolved multiple systems to combat invaders such as
viruses and plasmids. Examples of such defense systems include receptor masking …

Structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley

D Bulgarelli, R Garrido-Oter, PC Münch, A Weiman… - Cell host & …, 2015 - cell.com
The microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the
rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic …

A century of the phage: past, present and future

GPC Salmond, PC Fineran - Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2015 - nature.com
Viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages; also known as phages) were discovered 100
years ago. Since then, phage research has transformed fundamental and translational …

CRISPR-Cas: adapting to change

SA Jackson, RE McKenzie, RD Fagerlund, SN Kieper… - Science, 2017 - science.org
BACKGROUND The arms race between prokaryotes and their perpetually evolving
predators has fueled the evolution of a defense arsenal. The so-called CRISPR-Cas …

CRISPR–Cas in mobile genetic elements: counter-defence and beyond

G Faure, SA Shmakov, WX Yan, DR Cheng… - Nature Reviews …, 2019 - nature.com
The principal function of CRISPR–Cas systems in archaea and bacteria is defence against
mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including viruses, plasmids and transposons. However …