Major depressive disorder (MDD) was previously hypothesized to be a disease of
monoamine deficiency in which low levels of monoamines in the synaptic cleft were …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neuropeptide that plays numerous important
roles in synaptic development and plasticity. While its importance in fundamental physiology …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for focal brain
stimulation based on electromagnetic induction where a fluctuating magnetic field induces a …

Invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation methods are widely used in neuroscience to
establish causal relationships between distinct brain regions and the sensory, cognitive and …

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) holds great potential as a tool to alter neural
circuits non-invasively in both animals and humans. In contrast to established non-invasive …

Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

As the research on artificial intelligence booms, there is broad interest in brain‐inspired
computing using novel neuromorphic devices. The potential of various emerging materials …

Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a ubiquitous property of the nervous system that
allows neurons to communicate and change their connections as a function of past …

GABAergic inhibitory circuits play an essential role in coordinating various hippocampal
functions. Several decades of work dedicated to a thorough characterization of hippocampal …

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and long-term potentiation (LTP)
were discovered within a decade of each other and have been inextricably intertwined ever …