Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

GABAergic inhibitory circuits play an essential role in coordinating various hippocampal
functions. Several decades of work dedicated to a thorough characterization of hippocampal …

Neuronal ensembles that hold specific memory (memory engrams) have been identified in
the hippocampus, amygdala, or cortex. However, it has been hypothesized that engrams of …

One of the most useful metaphors for driving scientific and engineering progress has been
that of the “machine.” Much controversy exists about the applicability of this concept in the …

The generalization of fear memories is an adaptive neurobiological process that promotes
survival in complex and dynamic environments. When confronted with a potential threat, an …

Fear conditioning is one of the most frequently used laboratory procedures for modeling
learning and memory generally, and anxiety disorders in particular. The conditional …

The lateral septum (LS) is implicated as a hub that regulates a variety of affects, such as
reward, feeding, anxiety, fear, sociability, and memory. However, it remains unclear how the …

The mammalian hippocampus, comprised of serially connected subfields, participates in
diverse behavioral and cognitive functions. It has been postulated that parallel circuitry …

Traditionally considered a homogeneous cell type, hippocampal pyramidal cells have been
recently shown to be highly diverse. However, how this cellular diversity relates to the …

Epilepsy is considered a circuit-level dysfunction associated with imbalanced excitation-
inhibition, it is therapeutically necessary to identify key brain regions and related circuits in …