Cellular development, morphology and function are governed by precise patterns of gene
expression. These are established by the coordinated action of genomic regulatory …

Formaldehyde has been used for decades to probe macromolecular structure and function
and to trap complexes, cells, and tissues for further analysis. Formaldehyde crosslinking is …

Measuring precise concentrations of proteins can provide insights into biological processes.
Here we use efficient protein extraction and sample fractionation, as well as state-of-the-art …

Quantitative views of cellular functions require precise measures of rates of biomolecule
production, especially proteins—the direct effectors of biological processes. Here, we …

Molecular motors in cells typically produce highly directed motion; however, the aggregate,
incoherent effect of all active processes also creates randomly fluctuating forces, which drive …

Nuclear factors rapidly scan the genome for their targets, but the role of nuclear organization
in such search is uncharted. Here we analyzed how multiple factors explore chromatin …

Enhancer-binding pluripotency regulators (Sox2 and Oct4) play a seminal role in embryonic
stem (ES) cell-specific gene regulation. Here, we combine in vivo and in vitro single …

Although enhancers are crucial and widespread gene-regulatory elements, we are far from
a complete understanding of how they function or their importance in areas such as disease …

Cells must tightly regulate their gene expression programs and yet rapidly respond to acute
biochemical and biophysical cues within their environment. This information is transmitted to …

Imaging single fluorescent proteins in living mammalian cells is challenged by out-of-focus
fluorescence excitation. To reduce out-of-focus fluorescence we developed reflected light …