We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens, AMH) began spreading across Eurasia from
Africa and adjacent Southwest Asia about 50,000–55,000 years ago (ca. 50–55 ka). Some …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Our understanding of how global climatic changes are translated into ice-sheet fluctuations
and sea-level change is currently limited by a lack of knowledge of the configuration of ice …

During the last interglacial (LIG) period, global mean sea level (GMSL) was higher than at
present, likely driven by greater high-latitude insolation. Past sea-level estimates require …

The timing of ice ages over the past∼ 2,600 thousand years (kyr) follows pacing by cyclical
changes in three aspects of Earth's orbit that influence the solar energy received as a …

The vaquita is the most critically endangered marine mammal, with fewer than 19 remaining
in the wild. First described in 1958, the vaquita has been in rapid decline for more than 20 …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is out of equilibrium with the current anthropogenic‐
enhanced climate forcing. Paleoenvironmental records and ice sheet models reveal that the …

Sea level and deep-sea temperature variations are key indicators of global climate changes.
For continuous records over millions of years, deep-sea carbonate microfossil–based δ18O …