Produced water is the main by-product generated by fossil fuel extraction activities. This
wastewater is often heavily contaminated and associated with significant health, safety, and …

In oil and gas industry, produced water is considered as the largest waste stream, which
contains relatively higher concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants …

Aquatic ecosystems are the ultimate sinks for the contaminants. Water contamination is the
outcome of human activities such as urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural …

This paper provides an introduction to the topic of water shutoff and conformance
improvement. After indicating the volumes of water produced during oilfield operations, a …

In the rapidly develo** shale gas industry, managing produced water is a major challenge
for maintaining the profitability of shale gas extraction while protecting public health and the …

Intrusion of salinity and petroleum hydrocarbons (eg, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes, BTEX) into shallow groundwater by so-called'produced water'(the water associated …

Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate
water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present …

The hydrocarbon resources of shale gas and tight oil have made a significant impact on
North American energy reserves over the past decade. The production of so-called …

Desalination via pervaporation has the potential to be an efficient way of getting fresh water
from non-potable saline sources with the advantages of a high rejection of salt and the …

Oilfield-produced water (OPW) contains a complex mixture of toxic and hazardous organic
and inorganic compounds. Refractory polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and …