One essential prokaryotic cell function is the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into
other compartments of the cell, the environment, and/or other bacteria or eukaryotic cells—a …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile multiprotein nanomachines spanning the
entire cell envelope in Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. They play important …

Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite of animals and humans and can cause serious
opportunistic infections. However, the majority of infections are asymptomatic, possibly …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) translocate DNA and protein substrates across prokaryotic
cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. Three …

Shigella spp. are gram-negative pathogenic bacteria that evolved from harmless
enterobacterial relatives and may cause devastating diarrhea upon ingestion. Research …

Of the many pathogens that infect humans and animals, a large number use cells of the host
organism as protected sites for replication. To reach the relevant intracellular compartments …

Integrins are important mammalian receptors involved in normal cellular functions as well as
pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and cancer. We propose that integrins are exploited …

In bacteria, two major pathways exist to secrete proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane.
The general Secretion route, termed Sec-pathway, catalyzes the transmembrane …

Campylobacter is among the four main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide and has
increased in both developed and develo** countries over the last 10 years. The vast …

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological,
physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both …