To examine the distributions of VIP/PACAP receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors)
in the brain and to identify the cell types that express these receptors, we performed …

In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), seizures typically arise in the hippocampus or
other mesial temporal lobe structures. The aetiology of MTLE epileptogenesis in still …

Ionic currents generated by hyperpolarization-activated cation-nonselective (HCN) channels
have been principally known as pacemaker h-currents (I h), because they allow cardiac and …

Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain hub of the central auditory pathway, send
ascending and descending projections to other auditory brain regions, as well as projections …

Located in the midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC) is the hub of the central auditory system.
Although the IC plays important roles in speech processing, sound localization, and other …

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) provides inhibitory innervation to most thalamic relay
nuclei and receives excitatory innervation from both cortical and thalamic neurons …

In the medicinal leech, a rhythmically active 14-interneuron network composes the central
pattern generator for heartbeat. In two segmental ganglia, bilateral pairs of reciprocally …

Orexins (hypocretins) are peptides of hypothalamic origin that play an important role in
maintaining wakefulness. Reduced orexin levels have been associated with an increased …

The activity of the thalamus is state dependent. During slow-wave sleep, rhythmic burst firing
is prominent, whereas during waking or rapid eye movement sleep, tonic, single-spike …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide (VIP) have been found within mammalian intracardiac ganglia, but the cellular …